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APA Format Guide
The following guide describes and gives examples of APA format for
references and citations. It includes information for some of the
most frequently used types of sources. Information is taken from
the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
(2001). For further detail, refer to the manual:
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the
American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC:
Author.
REFERENCES
An APA format reference list includes only sources
that were cited in the body of the text (and everything cited in the
text must also be listed in your reference list). It is in
alphabetical order and entries have a hanging tab. Additionally
the entire list is double spaced (everything here is single spaced in
order to conserve paper – please note that proper format means
you will double space yours).
1st element: author names:
They are listed by last name, first initial. second initial. (if
provided).
A comma separates all author names (even if there are only two
authors).
Use an “&” before the last author (even if there are
only 2 authors).
If there are 7 or more authors, then list the 1st six as described
above with last name and initials. Then the rest are referred to
as et al. (Author 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, et al.)
If a group is listed as “author,” spell out the group name
(see the APA reference above).
2nd element: publication date:
The publication date goes in parentheses after the listing of authors.
Most often, this is the year of publication.
For daily or weekly publications, the specific date is also given.
Place a period outside the ending parenthesis. (2005).
3rd element: title of the article or chapter:
The title of the article or chapter goes next.
Only the first word, proper nouns, and word after a colon (:) are
capitalized.
Do not use italics or quotation marks (unless part of the original
title).
The title ends with a period.
** Skip to 4th element when referencing an entire book (rather than
chapter in a book).
4th element: information about the source of the article/chapter:
The title of the journal or book goes next.
The title and volume number (if a journal) should be italicized.
List title, volume (for journal article), page numbers. Page numbers
are not italicized.
See examples below as this format varies slightly according to the type
of source.
References for a journal article:
Mullen, B., Pizzuto, C., & Foels, R. (2002). Altering intergroup
perceptions by altering prevailing mode of cognitive representation:
“They look like people.” Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 83, 1333-1343.
** please note that in the original article, the authors used the
quotation marks around “they look like people”.
Shelley-Sireci, L. M., & Ciano-Boyce, C. (2002). Becoming
lesbian adoptive parents: An exploratory study of lesbian adoptive,
lesbian birth, and heterosexual adoptive parents. Adoption
Quarterly, 6, 33-43.
Reference for an online journal article:
Royce, W. S., Gebelt, J. L., & Duff, R. W. (2003, March).
Female athletes: Being both athletic and feminine. Athletic
Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 5(1). Retrieved
January 31, 2005, from
http://www.athleticinsight.com/Vol5Iss1/FeminineAthletes.htm
Reference for a chapter in an edited book:
Haviland-Jones, J., Gebelt, J. L., & Stapley, J. C. (1997).
The questions of development in emotion. In P. Salovey & D.
J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional
intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 233-253). New
York: Basic Books.
Kantrowitz, R., Mitchell, C., & Davidson, W. S. (1987).
Varying formats of teaching undergraduate field courses: An
experimental examination. In M. E. Ware & R. J. Millard
(Eds.), Handbook on student development: Advising, career development,
and field placement (pp. 255-257). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Reference for an entire book:
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York:
Bantam Books.
CITATIONS
Whenever referring to someone else’s work or
ideas, you must cite that source. If the ideas are not yours, you
must cite. Failure to do so is plagiarism, which can lead to very
serious consequences. Plagiarism can result in a failing grade
for the assignment and/or the course and can lead to a note being
placed in your permanent academic record.
You cite whenever you are presenting ideas/information/studies that are
not your own. In summarizing/presenting other people’s
work, you should put the information entirely in your own words.
It is not enough to simply change a word or two or put the words in a
different order. If you use someone else’s exact words, you must
use quotation marks (see below).
When citing, you use the authors’ last names and date of
publication. You do not use first names or titles and you do not
list the title of the work to which you are referring. Examples
of appropriate formats for citations are below.
Citing a work with one or two authors: List the author(s) every
time you cite them. Note that you can either refer to the author
in the sentence or describe the work and put the author’s name in
the parentheses. An example of each is below.
Goleman (1995) suggests that having emotional intelligence is as
important to success as having a high IQ.
Research suggests that lesbian couples experience more discrimination
in the process of adopting a child than do heterosexual couples, even
where such discrimination is illegal (Shelly-Sireci & Ciano-Boyce,
2002).
Citing a work with more than two authors:
The first time you cite the work, you should list all the
authors. For subsequent citations, you list the first author and
then abbreviate using et al.
The first citation:
Royce, Gebelt, and Duff (2003) found that……
OR
Research shows that female athletes in the 21st century are perceived
as feminine, a change from the research several decades ago (Royce,
Gebelt, & Duff, 2003).
Subsequent citations:
Royce et al. (2003) found that ….
OR
Female athletes often consciously separate their feminine and athletic
identities (Royce, et al., 2003).
QUOTATIONS*
When you take words directly from another source
rather than using your own words to present the idea, you are
quoting. If you do not use quotation marks, this is considered
plagiarism. When you quote directly from a source, your quotation
must be surrounded by quotation marks, cited, and the citation must
include the page number of the quotation.
“While the adoption process was ‘neutral’ for
adoptive parents, conception, pregnancy, labor and birth were
relatively ‘easy’ for the lesbian parents in this
study” (Shelly-Sireci & Ciano-Boyce, 2002, p. 41).
* Quotations should be used sparingly. Over-reliance on
quotations suggests you didn’t understand the work you’ve
read.
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